In Swahili, the phrase "juu ya" literally means "on top of" or "above".

But it can also be used figuratively, meaning "about", "concerning", or "regarding".

Examples:

Literal:Kitabu kiko juu ya meza. → The book is on top of the table.

Figurative:Tunazungumza juu ya elimu. → We are talking about education.

Origin The word "juu" comes from Proto-Bantu roots meaning up, top, above.In Swahili, it has always been used to indicate location (something being up/high/on top).The preposition "ya" means of or about, and when combined with "juu", it shifts from just physical placement to also abstract reference (topic, subject, issue).So historically, juu ya evolved from meaning "on top of something" to also meaning "on the subject of something".

How to Use "juu ya" in English It depends on context:Physical/Spatial Meaning → "on top of / above"Ndege anaruka juu ya nyumba.→ The bird is flying above the house.Topic/Subject Meaning → "about / concerning / regarding"Walifanya utafiti juu ya tabia za wanafunzi.→ They conducted research about student behavior.

Summary:juu = top / above,ya = of / about Together: juu ya = on top of (literal) OR about/concerning (figurative).